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Velocity 的应用示例

Velocity 是一个基于 Java 的通用模板工具,来自于 jakarta.apache.org 。

Velocity 的介绍请参考 Velocity -- Java Web 开发新技术。这里是它的一个应用示例。

这个例子参照了 PHP-Nuke 的结构, 即所有 HTTP 请求都以 ?name=xxx&

arg1=xxx&

bbb=xxx 的形式进行处理。例子中所有文件都是 .java 和 .html , 没有其他特殊的文件格式。除了 Modules.java 是 Java Servlet, 其余的 .java 文件都是普通的 Java Class.

所有 HTTP 请求都通过 Modules.java 处理。Modules.java 通过 Velocity 加载 Modules.htm。 Modules.htm 有页头,页脚,页左导航链接,页中内容几个部分。其中页头广告、页中内容是变化部分。页头广告由 Modules.java 处理,页中内容部分由 Modules.java dispatch 到子页面类处理。

1) Modules.java

import javax.servlet.*;

import javax.servlet.http.*;

import org.apache.velocity.*;

import org.apache.velocity.context.*;

import org.apache.velocity.exception.*;

import org.apache.velocity.servlet.*;

import commontools.*;

public class Modulesextends VelocityServlet

{

public Template handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response,Context context)

{

//initresponse.setContentType("text/html;

charset=UTF-8");

response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

//prepare function pageProcessSubPage page = null;

ProcessSubPage mainPage = new HomeSubPage();

String requestFunctionName = (String) request.getParameter("name");

boolean logined = false;

String loginaccount = (String) request.getSession(true).getAttribute("loginaccount");

if (loginaccount != null)

{

logined = true;

}

//default page is mainpagepage = mainPage;

if (requestFunctionName == null||requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("home"))

{

page = mainPage;

}

//no login , can use these pageelse if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("login"))

{

page = new LoginProcessSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("ChangePassword"))

{

page = new ChangePasswordSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("ForgetPassword"))

{

page = new ForgetPassword();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("about"))

{

page = new AboutSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("contact"))

{

page = new ContactSubPage();

}

//for other page, need login firstelse if (logined == false)

{

page = new LoginProcessSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("listProgram"))

{

page = new ListTransactionProgramSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("ViewProgramItem"))

{

page = new ViewTransactionProgramItemSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("UpdateProgramObjStatus"))

{

page = new UpdateTransactionProgramObjStatusSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("Search"))

{

page = new SearchSubPage();

}

//check if this is administratorelse if (Utilities.isAdministratorLogined(request))

{

//Utilities.debugPrintln("isAdministratorLogined : true");

if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("usermanagement"))

{

page = new UserManagementSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("UploadFiles"))

{

page = new UploadFilesSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("DownloadFile"))

{

page = new DownloadFileSubPage();

}

else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("Report"))

{

page = new ReportSubPage();

}

}

else

{

//no right to access.//Utilities.debugPrintln("isAdministratorLogined : false");

page = null;

}

//Utilities.debugPrintln("page : " + page.getClass().getName());

if(page != null)

{

context.put("function_page",page.getHtml(this, request, response, context));

}

else

{

String msg = "Sorry, this module is for administrator only.

You are not administrator.";

context.put("function_page",msg);

}

context.put("page_header",getPageHeaderHTML());

context.put("page_footer",getPageFooterHTML());

Template template = null;

try

{

template = getTemplate("/templates/Modules.htm");

//good

}

catch (ResourceNotFoundException rnfe)

{

Utilities.debugPrintln("ResourceNotFoundException 2");

rnfe.printStackTrace();

}

catch (ParseErrorException pee)

{

Utilities.debugPrintln("ParseErrorException2 " + pee.getMessage());

}

catch (Exception e)

{

Utilities.debugPrintln("Exception2 " + e.getMessage());

}

return template;

}

/** * Loads the configuration information and returns that information as a Properties, e * which will be used to initializ the Velocity runtime. */protected java.util.Properties loadConfiguration(ServletConfig config) throwsjava.io.IOException, java.io.FileNotFoundException

{

return Utilities.initServletEnvironment(this);

}

}

2) ProcessSubPage.java , 比较简单,只定义了一个函数接口 getHtml

import javax.servlet.http.*;

import org.apache.velocity.context.*;

import org.apache.velocity.servlet.*;

import commontools.*;

public abstract class ProcessSubPage implements java.io.Serializable

{

public ProcessSubPage()

{

}

public String getHtml(VelocityServlet servlet, HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response,Context context)

{

Utilities.debugPrintln("you need to override this method in sub class of ProcessSubPage:"+ this.getClass().getName());

return "Sorry, this module not finish yet.";

}

}

他的 .java 文件基本上是 ProcessSubPage 的子类和一些工具类。 ProcessSubPage 的子类基本上都是一样的流程, 用类似

context.put("page_footer",getPageFooterHTML());

的写法置换 .html 中的可变部分即可。如果没有可变部分,完全是静态网页,比如 AboutSubPage, 就更简单。

3) AboutSubPage.java

import org.apache.velocity.servlet.VelocityServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.velocity.context.Context;

public class AboutSubPage extends ProcessSubPage

{

public AboutSubPage()

{

}

public String getHtml(VelocityServlet servlet, HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response, Context context)

{

//prepare data//context.put("xxx","xxxx");

Template template = null;

String fileName = "About.htm";

try

{

template = servlet.getTemplate(fileName);

StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();

template.merge(context, sw);

return sw.toString();

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

return "error get template " + fileName + " " + ex.getMessage();

}

}

}

其他 ProcessSubPage 的子类如上面基本类似,只不过会多了一些 context.put("xxx","xxxx") 的语句。

通过以上的例子,我们可以看到,使用 Velocity + Servlet , 所有的代码为: 1 个 java serverlet + m 个 java class + n 个 Html 文件。

这里是用了集中处理,然后分发(dispatch)的机制。不用担心用户在没有登陆的情况下访问某些页面。用户验证,页眉页脚包含都只写一次,易于编写、修改和维护。代码比较简洁,并且很容易加上自己的页面缓冲功能。可以随意将某个页面的 html 在内存中保存起来,缓存几分钟,实现页面缓冲功能。成功、出错页面也可以用同样的代码封装成函数,通过参数将 Message/Title 传入即可。

因为 Java 代码与 Html 代码完全在不同的文件中,美工与java代码人员可以很好的分工,每个人修改自己熟悉的文件,基本上不需要花时间做协调工作。而用 JSP, 美工与java代码人员共同修改维护 .jsp 文件,麻烦多多,噩梦多多。而且这里没有用 xml ,说实话,懂 xml/xls 之类的人只占懂 Java 程序员中的几分之一,人员不好找。

因为所有 java 代码人员写的都是标准 Java 程序,可以用任何 Java 编辑器,调试器,因此开发速度也会大大提高。美工写的是标准 Html 文件,没有 xml, 对于他们也很熟悉,速度也很快。并且,当需要网站改版的时候,只要美工把 html 文件重新修饰排版即可,完全不用改动一句 java 代码。

爽死了!!

4) 工具类 Utilities.java

import java.io.*;

import java.sql.*;

import java.text.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.util.Date;

import javax.naming.*;

import javax.servlet.*;

import javax.servlet.http.*;

import org.apache.velocity.*;

import org.apache.velocity.app.*;

import org.apache.velocity.context.Context;

import org.apache.velocity.servlet.*;

public class Utilities

{

private static Properties m_servletConfig = null;

private Utilities()

{

}

static

{

initJavaMail();

}

public static void debugPrintln(Object o)

{

String msg = "proj debug message at " + getNowTimeString() +" ------------- ";

System.err.println(msg + o);

}

public static Properties initServletEnvironment(VelocityServlet v)

{

// init only onceif (m_servletConfig != null)

{

return m_servletConfig;

}

//debugPrintln("initServletEnvironment....");

try

{

/* *call the overridable method to allow the *derived classes a shot at altering the configuration *before initializing Runtime */Properties p = new Properties();

ServletConfig config = v.getServletConfig();

// Set the Velocity.FILE_RESOURCE_LOADED_PATH property// to the root directory of the context.String path = config.getServletContext().getRealPath("http://www.cuoxin.com/");

//debugPrintln("real path of / is : " + path);

p.setProperty(Velocity.FILE_RESOURCE_LOADER_PATH, path);

// Set the Velocity.RUNTIME_LOG property to be the file// velocity.log relative to the root directory// of the context.p.setProperty(Velocity.RUNTIME_LOG, path +"velocity.log");

// Return the Properties object.//return p;

Velocity.init(p);

m_servletConfig = p;

return p;

}

catch (Exception e)

{

debugPrintln(e.getMessage());

//throw new ServletException("Error initializing Velocity: " + e);

}

return null;

//this.getServletContext().getRealPath("http://www.cuoxin.com/");

}

private static void initJavaMail()

{

}

public static Connection getDatabaseConnection()

{

Connection con = null;

try

{

InitialContext initCtx = new InitialContext();

javax.naming.Context context = (javax.naming.Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");

javax.sql.DataSource ds = (javax.sql.DataSource) context.lookup("jdbc/TestDB");

//Utilities.debugPrintln("ds = " + ds);

con = ds.getConnection();

}

catch (Exception e)

{

Utilities.debugPrintln("Exception = " + e.getMessage());

return null;

}

//Utilities.debugPrintln("con = " + con);

return con;

}

public static java.sql.ResultSet excuteDbQuery(Connection con, String sql,Object[] parameters)

{

//Exception err = null;

//Utilities.debugPrintln("excuteDbQuery" + parameters[0] + " ,sql=" + sql);

try

{

java.sql.PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql);

for (int i = 0;

i <

parameters.length;

i++)

{

processParameter(ps, i + 1, parameters[i]);

}

return ps.executeQuery();

}

catch (Exception e)

{

//Utilities.debugPrintln(e.getMessage());

e.printStackTrace();

}

return null;

}

public static void excuteDbUpdate(String sql, Object[] parameters)

{

Connection con = Utilities.getDatabaseConnection();

excuteDbUpdate(con, sql, parameters);

closeDbConnection(con);

}

public static void excuteDbUpdate(Connection con, String sql,Object[] parameters)

{

Exception err = null;

try

{

java.sql.PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql);

for (int i = 0;

i <

parameters.length;

i++)

{

processParameter(ps, i + 1, parameters[i]);

}

ps.execute();

}

catch (Exception e)

{

err = e;

//Utilities.debugPrintln(err.getMessage());

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

private static void processParameter(java.sql.PreparedStatement ps, int index, Object parameter)

{

try

{

if (parameter instanceof String)

{

ps.setString(index, (String) parameter);

}

else

{

ps.setObject(index, parameter);

}

}

catch (Exception e)

{

//Utilities.debugPrintln(e.getMessage());

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

public static void closeDbConnection(java.sql.Connection con)

{

try

{

con.close();

}

catch (Exception e)

{

Utilities.debugPrintln(e.getMessage());

}

}

public static String getResultPage(String title, String message, String jumpLink,VelocityServlet servlet, HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response, Context context)

{

Template template = null;

context.put("MessageTitle", title);

context.put("ResultMessage", message);

context.put("JumpLink", jumpLink);

try

{

template = servlet.getTemplate("/templates/Message.htm");

StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();

template.merge(context, sw);

return sw.toString();

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

return "error get template Message.htm " + ex.getMessage();

}

}

public static String mergeTemplate(String fileName, VelocityServlet servlet, Context context)

{

Template template = null;

try

{

template = servlet.getTemplate(fileName);

StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();

template.merge(context, sw);

return sw.toString();

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

return "error get template " + fileName + " " + ex.getMessage();

}

}

}

关键字:(Java, JSP, Servlet, template, 模板, Apache, Jakarta, Velocity )